Formed at Ceará, Arthur Cabral made his debut for the first team of the alvinegros at just 17 years old and, in his second match, became the youngest player in the club's history to score. He then had a brief spell at Palmeiras before taking the "step" to Europe.
In two and a half seasons, Arthur Cabral scored 65 goals in 106 matches for Basel and attracted the attention of Fiorentina, who signed him in January 2022. In the 2022/23 season, the forward stood out in the Italian club's campaign until the Conference League final, in which he became the top scorer with seven goals.
In October 2021, while still playing for Basel, Arthur Cabral was called up to the Brazil national team for a double qualification match for the 2022 World Cup, but he did not make his debut for the national team.